Drizzle ORM — SQL Cho TypeScript Type-Safe • blog.dopana

Drizzle ORM là TypeScript ORM “SQL-like” — bạn viết SQL, nó suy ra type.

import { drizzle } from 'drizzle-orm/better-sqlite3'
import { sqliteTable, text, integer } from 'drizzle-orm/sqlite-core'
import Database from 'better-sqlite3'

const db = drizzle(new Database('blog.db'))

const users = sqliteTable('users', {
  id: integer().primaryKey({ autoIncrement: true }),
  name: text().notNull(),
  email: text().notNull().unique(),
})

// Query — type-safe, SQL-like syntax
const result = await db.select()
  .from(users)
  .where(eq(users.email, 'alice@example.com'))
// result: { id: number; name: string; email: string }[]

typescript

Không Prisma schema riêng, không codegen, không chạy CLI để generate type. Schema = code → type suy ra tự động.

Drizzle vs Prisma#

	Prisma	Drizzle
Schema	SDL riêng (`.prisma`)	TypeScript code
Codegen	`prisma generate`	Không cần
Kích thước	~30MB	~500KB
Edge support	⚠️ Hạn chế	✅ Native
SQL-like query	❌	✅
Raw SQL	⚠️	✅ Dễ
Migration	prisma migrate	drizzle-kit push/migrate
Join	`include`/`select`	`leftJoin`/`innerJoin`

Drizzle nhẹ hơn, TypeScript-native hơn, và chạy được trên edge (Cloudflare Workers, Deno, Bun).

Schema#

SQLite#

import { sqliteTable, text, integer, real } from 'drizzle-orm/sqlite-core'

export const posts = sqliteTable('posts', {
  id: integer().primaryKey({ autoIncrement: true }),
  title: text().notNull(),
  slug: text().notNull().unique(),
  content: text().notNull(),
  publishedAt: integer({ mode: 'timestamp' }).notNull(),
  views: integer().default(0),
  rating: real(),
})

typescript

PostgreSQL#

import { pgTable, text, integer, timestamp, serial } from 'drizzle-orm/pg-core'

export const users = pgTable('users', {
  id: serial().primaryKey(),
  name: text().notNull(),
  email: text().notNull().unique(),
  createdAt: timestamp().defaultNow().notNull(),
  role: text().$type<'admin' | 'user' | 'moderator'>().default('user'),
})

typescript

MySQL#

import { mysqlTable, int, text, varchar } from 'drizzle-orm/mysql-core'

export const products = mysqlTable('products', {
  id: int().primaryKey().autoincrement(),
  name: varchar({ length: 255 }).notNull(),
  price: int().notNull(),
  description: text(),
})

typescript

Query#

SELECT#

// Tất cả columns
const all = await db.select().from(users)

// Column cụ thể
const names = await db.select({ name: users.name }).from(users)

// WHERE
const active = await db.select()
  .from(users)
  .where(eq(users.status, 'active'))

// WHERE với nhiều điều kiện
const result = await db.select()
  .from(users)
  .where(and(
    eq(users.status, 'active'),
    gte(users.age, 18),
    like(users.name, '%Alice%'),
  ))

// ORDER BY + LIMIT + OFFSET
const page = await db.select()
  .from(users)
  .orderBy(desc(users.createdAt))
  .limit(10)
  .offset(0)

typescript

INSERT#

// Single
const [user] = await db.insert(users).values({
  name: 'Alice',
  email: 'alice@example.com',
}).returning()

// Bulk
await db.insert(users).values([
  { name: 'Bob', email: 'bob@example.com' },
  { name: 'Charlie', email: 'charlie@example.com' },
])

typescript

UPDATE#

await db.update(users)
  .set({ name: 'Alice Updated' })
  .where(eq(users.id, 1))

typescript

DELETE#

await db.delete(users)
  .where(eq(users.id, 1))

typescript

Relations & Join#

import { relations } from 'drizzle-orm'

export const users = sqliteTable('users', {
  id: integer().primaryKey({ autoIncrement: true }),
  name: text().notNull(),
})

export const posts = sqliteTable('posts', {
  id: integer().primaryKey({ autoIncrement: true }),
  title: text().notNull(),
  authorId: integer().notNull().references(() => users.id),
})

// Định nghĩa relations
export const usersRelations = relations(users, ({ many }) => ({
  posts: many(posts),
}))

export const postsRelations = relations(posts, ({ one }) => ({
  author: one(users, {
    fields: [posts.authorId],
    references: [users.id],
  }),
}))

typescript

Query với joins#

// JOIN thủ công
const result = await db.select()
  .from(posts)
  .leftJoin(users, eq(posts.authorId, users.id))
// result: { posts: Post; users: User | null }[]

// JOIN với Drizzle relations (cần db.query)
const result = await db.query.posts.findMany({
  with: {
    author: true,
  },
})
// result: { id: number; title: string; authorId: number; author: User }[]

typescript

Connection cho Edge#

Cloudflare Workers (D1)#

import { drizzle } from 'drizzle-orm/d1'

export default {
  async fetch(request, env) {
    const db = drizzle(env.DB) // env.DB = D1 binding

    const posts = await db.select().from(users)
    return Response.json(posts)
  }
}

typescript

Neon (Serverless PostgreSQL)#

import { drizzle } from 'drizzle-orm/neon-http'
import { neon } from '@neondatabase/serverless'

const sql = neon(process.env.DATABASE_URL!)
const db = drizzle(sql)

const result = await db.select().from(users)

typescript

Bun + SQLite#

import { drizzle } from 'drizzle-orm/bun-sqlite'
import { Database } from 'bun:sqlite'

const sqlite = new Database('blog.db')
const db = drizzle(sqlite)

typescript

Migration#

Push (dev)#

npx drizzle-kit push
# Sync schema → DB trực tiếp

bash

Generate migration#

npx drizzle-kit generate
# Tạo SQL migration file

bash

-- drizzle/migrations/0000_xxxx.sql
CREATE TABLE `users` (
  `id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL,
  `name` text NOT NULL,
  `email` text NOT NULL
);
--> statement-breakpoint
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX `users_email_unique` ON `users` (`email`);

sql

Apply migration#

npx drizzle-kit migrate

bash

Prepared Statements#

// Drizzle tự động prepared statements
const stmt = db.select()
  .from(users)
  .where(eq(users.email, sql.placeholder('email')))
  .prepare('get_user_by_email')

// Dùng lại — chỉ parse 1 lần
const user1 = await stmt.execute({ email: 'alice@example.com' })
const user2 = await stmt.execute({ email: 'bob@example.com' })

typescript

Raw SQL#

import { sql } from 'drizzle-orm'

// Query raw — vẫn type-safe với template
const users = await db.execute(
  sql`SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = ${email}`
)

// SQL fragment
const activeUsers = await db.select()
  .from(users)
  .where(sql`${users.status} = 'active'`)

typescript

Khi Nào Dùng Drizzle?#

✅ Nên dùng#

Edge deployment — Cloudflare Workers, Deno Deploy
Serverless — Neon, PlanetScale, Turso
Dự án TypeScript — muốn type-safe mà không codegen
SQL-first team — thích viết SQL, không muốn ORM che giấu
Bundle size quan trọng — ~500KB vs Prisma ~30MB

❌ Không nên#

Cần admin UI / dashboard — Prisma Studio tốt hơn
Schema phức tạp, nhiều relation — Prisma relations API dễ hơn
Dùng Prisma rồi, đang ổn — migration không đáng
Cần GraphQL integration — Prisma + GraphQL ecosystem mạnh hơn

So Sánh Query#

Drizzle#

const result = await db.select({
  id: posts.id,
  title: posts.title,
  authorName: users.name,
})
.from(posts)
.leftJoin(users, eq(posts.authorId, users.id))
.where(eq(posts.published, true))
.orderBy(desc(posts.createdAt))

typescript

Prisma#

const result = await prisma.post.findMany({
  where: { published: true },
  select: {
    id: true,
    title: true,
    author: { select: { name: true } },
  },
  orderBy: { createdAt: 'desc' },
})

typescript

Drizzle gần SQL hơn — bạn biết SQL là bạn biết Drizzle. Prisma abstraction cao hơn, nhưng khi cần raw SQL thì khó hơn.

Tổng Kết#

Drizzle chiếm chỗ riêng: TypeScript ORM nhẹ, SQL-like, edge-native.

	Prisma	Drizzle
Bundle	~30MB	~500KB
Codegen	✅ Bắt buộc	✅ Không cần
Edge	⚠️ Hạn chế	✅ Workers, Deno, Bun
SQL feeling	❌	✅
Type safety	✅	✅
Migration	✅	✅
Raw SQL	⚠️	✅

// Drizzle: schema → query, vài dòng là xong
const db = drizzle(env.DB)
const posts = await db.select().from(users).where(eq(users.active, true))
// ✅ Type-safe, không codegen, edge-ready

typescript

Drizzle ORM — SQL Cho TypeScript Type-Safe

Drizzle vs Prisma#

Schema#

SQLite#

PostgreSQL#

MySQL#

Query#

SELECT#

INSERT#

UPDATE#

DELETE#

Relations & Join#

Query với joins#

Connection cho Edge#

Cloudflare Workers (D1)#

Neon (Serverless PostgreSQL)#

Bun + SQLite#

Migration#

Push (dev)#

Generate migration#

Apply migration#

Prepared Statements#

Raw SQL#

Khi Nào Dùng Drizzle?#

✅ Nên dùng#

❌ Không nên#

So Sánh Query#

Drizzle#

Prisma#

Tổng Kết#

Tài liệu tham khảo#